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How Can You Get Term Papers That Is Non-Plagiarized?

How Can You Get Term Papers That Is Non-Plagiarized?There are plenty of websites that offer free term papers that are non-plagiarized. This is a very good thing for you to look into because it gives you more options to choose from. The research is necessary so that you can make the best decision for your college essay.You should be on the lookout for the papers that are free because they offer many advantages to you. These include the fact that you do not have to worry about the source of the paper because the paper is free. Also, you will not have to worry about being charged because they are no longer for profit institutions. The reason why they are free is because they can afford to give them away to their students because they do not make a profit.Another reason why they are free is because they need to give them away for you to be able to check them out so that you can see if there are any problems in the paper that could cause you to have a difficult time with the paper. If you have no problems with the paper, then you can go ahead and purchase it. There are still other reasons why they are free.The first reason why you want to get free term papers is because you need to have a lot of paper for the school you are going to. You will have to have at least twenty pages of paper to be able to keep up with your school. This is the number of pages that you need to take home so that you can be able to complete your school work. These pages should be able to give you a broad view of your school.Second, there are many teachers that are giving these papers to their students as a gift. You can use this for your essay for your class. It would be much better if you are able to write about your teacher and how the things that you learned from your teacher can help you do well on your own.Third, since the paper is non-plagiarized, you will not have to worry about being ripped off by someone else. There is a greater chance that a person will steal the paper because it is un-copyrighted. Therefore, if you find a plagiarized paper, you will be able to ask them to write an article about how they stole the idea from someone else or why they did not come up with it on their own.You do not have to pay a fortune to have term papers done because they are really affordable. Some people think that they have to be expensive but that is not true. Just make sure that you are going to get something that you can trust because you will be trusting it with your name on it. If the paper is something that you have written, then you will be more comfortable with it.If you want to learn more about term papers that are non-plagiarized, then you should read up on it. You will find out that there are tons of benefits that you can get from doing this. When you write the paper, you will be able to express yourself because you will not have to worry about others knowing your work. This is great for writing the papers because you will be able to make your thoughts stand out w ithout getting the word-processed.

Essay Topics For Grade 8

Essay Topics For Grade 8If you are studying for English essays, there are certain English essay topics for grade 8 that should be avoided. These topics will give your grade a definite feel of being boring and very difficult to understand. Here are some of the topics to avoid.Avoid topics such as 'Gossip'. The English essay that you write in such a subject is sure to show that you are not very well informed on the topic you are writing about. Gossip topics are very easy to rewrite, and get it all wrong. You may need to take a 'goto' or two to get to the meat of the subject, but this way will avoid that all important 'gossip' topic.Avoid topics such as 'I.Q.' These topics can put a damper on your score if they are well researched. The class does not want a waste of time on your essay if you have not done the research. Before you have the rest of the class get you to feel good about your research, and the next few essays, try to avoid these topics. They can really detract from your grad e if you do not research them before you begin writing.Avoid topics such as 'My Story'. Don't ever write an English essay that revolves around the subject of your life. The best subjects for your English essay are your education, or your job. These subjects should give you an idea of who you are, and what you have done, and this information can help you in your efforts to complete your essays.Avoid topics such as 'What is my most recent hobby?' This is a terrible topic to have on your English essay. If you know your hobbies, and what your passions are, why is the best subject to get in your essay, your personal information? You'll lose that opportunity to explain your reasons, in your essay. If you do not have an interesting topic to write about, why not try something else, such as 'My Favorite Things to Do in the Afternoon?'Avoid topics such as 'What is my favorite piece of artwork'? If you are trying to find an interesting topic to work with, why not try something more interesting , such as 'The types of paint that I am fond of'? Or perhaps something more in depth, such as 'Is there a favorite restaurant in your area?' Maybe it is something that you have seen in the newspaper, or somewhere else.Do not use topics as a way to find something interesting for your English essay. People just do not like to read that, so they will not want to give you their time if they do not agree with your ideas. An English essay can be completed by anyone, and in many ways. It is better to have an interesting topic for your essay than a boring one.

The Assault Of Sexual Assault - 994 Words

In 2014, Buzzfeed News came out with an article titled, â€Å"Sexual Assault Survivors Answer The Question â€Å"What Were You Wearing When You Were Assaulted?†, was a huge headline a couple years ago. In response, many of the survivors answered with responses such as pants and a plain t-shirt or a sweater and with sweatpants. That just shows the simplest clothes can attract a potential assaulter. For many years sexual assault has been a huge social topic amongst many individuals, especially with young females in school settings. In which many females are the ones who are blamed for being assaulted due to them wearing â€Å"provocative† attire or being in area around the wrong â€Å"timing†. In this research paper I will be arguing as to why I believe†¦show more content†¦He tended to molest children who came from a poor hispanic backgrounds, who did not speak english fluently. He would blindfold the students and make them swallow his own semen with a spoon or on a cookie. The kids at first were unaware of what was going on, they believed that it was a simple game that the teacher enjoyed playing often with them. In this particular case, many times the students approached other staff members confronting them of the sexual acts that teacher did and many of them would accuse them of lying and dismissed their comments. This just tells us that at a very young age starting from elementary- sexual molestation, assault, and even rape in some cases occur often and when these children are seeking out for help and telling staff of the things that are happening, the staff automatically assumes that they are lying and lets the sexual acts continue until something more severe happens then that s when they finally begin to do something about it, when it is probably too late. So, if these children are speaking out about these sexual acts and nobody is doing anything about it, how are they suppose to trust their own teachers and staff when th ey are not doing anything about it.Now sexual assault not only happens to young children in school but

Blazing Saddles Research free essay sample

In one of Mel Brooks’ most well known movies the 1974 film, Blazing Saddles, racism is shown in a different manner than almost any other film. In this movie, racism is depicted as more of a comedy. Cleavon Little plays the role of the first black sheriff in a town scheduled to be demolished by a railroad that is in line for construction. Blazing Saddles is the perfect film to social commentary on racism because as Mel Brooks uses racism in a comedy goes to show how racism has more of a role of comedic relief in this film, not something to run one’s life by. Being as this movie is shown to be a comedy to most, if someone were to watch the film and evaluate it, they would realize that the extreme hatred between two races is actually social commentary on race. This movie is set to have taken place just after the Civil War. As soon as the movie begins, the audience is drawn into the subject of racism. As the black men work on the railroad, Taggart (Hedley Lamarrs sidekick), pulls up on the horse and says to the men watching all the slaves work; Taggart: â€Å"The surveyors say they may have run into some quicksand up ahead. Better check it out. † Lyle: â€Å"Okay, Ill send down a team of horses to check out the ground. † Taggart: â€Å"*Horses*? † [hits Lyles head] Taggart: â€Å"We cant afford to lose any horses, you dummy! Send over a couple of niggers† (Blazing Saddles). After Lyle, a white man watching the slaves picks two black men from the crowd to take the hand cart to see where the quick sand starts. It is obvious that Taggart and the other white men surveying the slaves have more respect for the horses than they have for the black men working for them. Once the slaves make it to the quick sand they get stuck in it, along with the handcart. Taggart and Lyle take no time to get the handcart out of the quicksand, but completely disregard the slaves crawling their way out of the. To me, this is one of the most important parts of the film because of the fact that it reveals the way that the attorney general and his men behave toward the different colored people. This scene is also the audiences’ first glimpse of racism in the film. As the film progresses, one can see how it develops into a social commentary as it conveys racism more brutally from one scene to the next. As soon as Hedley Lamarr realizes that he has to make the railroad go straight through the town of Rock Ridge, he (Hedley) comes up with a brilliant idea to place a black man as the town sheriff. Usually in any other motion picture that involves racism, a black man becoming the sheriff of a town would be quite the honor but this black man, (Bart) knows that it is a suicide mission to try and get the people of Rock Ridge to flee the town. Hedley convinces Governor Lepetomane that he would be considered a great man if he were the one to implement the first black sheriff in town. As the scene continues on in the Governor’s office, Hedley and the Governor show no respect to Bart (soon to be sheriff). Bart sits to the side while Hedley and the drunken Governor discuss their plans to get him to be sheriff. As Bart and the attorney general are walking out the door, the governor mentions that he needs to organize Bart’s funeral jokingly. Bart has a very uncertain look on his face. The way Mel Brooks keeps the camera pointed straight at Bart, while the Governor is chuckling about his comment on Bart’s funeral, displays his true feeling towards the white men in the room as well as the stress between these two races portrayed to the audience. As the audience sees this movie as a comedy, social commentary is exemplified because of the hatred displayed between the two races, even if it is shown in a humorous manner. The next scene begins with Bart being very excited to ride into his town of Rock Ridge and everyone in the town is just as excited to meet the new sheriff. As the people of Rock Ridge see Bart approaching the town, they start to get loud for him and the band starts playing in excitement for the new sheriff. As Bart comes forward, the crowd becomes completely silent and the band stops playing. Howard Johnson: [reading] â€Å"As honorary chairman of the welcoming committee, its my privilege to present a laurel and hearty handshake to our new † [looks up and sees Bart] Howard Johnson:† nigger (Blazing Saddles). The camera stayed pointed at Bart while no one spoke. One can definitely tell by the look on Bart’s face, that he is trying not to look frightened and stay calm and collected. As soon as he took the podium, everyone in town pulled their loaded guns out and pointed them straight at Bart. He had a very uneasy look on his face as the camera captured every gun pointed at him in the picture. Everyone showed their extreme hatred toward another race. Bart soon made a quick decision and to turn the gun on himself. The crowd obviously has no idea what goes through another races’ head because he makes every white person look incredibly stupid when acting like he will pull the trigger on himself. This made everyone put their guns down and allowed him to make it to the police station safely as he calls himself so talented while all the white towns people extremely dumb for buying his absurd act. Another form of social commentary in this film is the demonstration of a rare friendship between races. During Bart’s first day of being the sheriff of Rock Ridge comes into play, he meets someone that he can finally talk to and call his friend. This is a man named Jim. Jim awakens from his drunken night sleep in the jail to find wakes a black town sheriff. He is extremely confused to say the least. The two men show the audience something they have yet to see in this movie. This is an actual friendship between a black man and a white man. The camera goes back and forth between the men’s faces showing no hatred or any violence toward one another. As they start to talk more and get to know one another over a game of chess, Bart discovers that he is the â€Å"Maco Kid,† the man with the fastest hands in the world. Jim soon becomes Bart’s right hand man. Overcoming racial boundaries is a recurring theme of social commentary in many movies that focus on racism. As Bart goes out on the town for his first day of work, he tries to be very nice and calm, but as soon as he says: Bart: â€Å"Mornin, maam. And isnt it a lovely mornin? † Elderly Woman: â€Å"Up yours, nigger† (Blazing Saddles). The sheriff is actually torn apart by this and returns to the station. Jim basically asks him if he expected everyone to act nice toward him. Hedley then sends in Mongole to take out the sheriff. Bart soon receives notice that Mongole is terrorizing the town. As Bart, being the clever man that he is, he tricks Mongole into taking a candy graham that is actually dynamite. Bart takes down the mighty Mongole and Taggart is shocked. Bart still under the impression that people do not appreciate his work is surprised when the elderly woman that told him off earlier, brings by a pie for him for putting Mongole away. The people of Rock Ridge are becoming more accepting of their new black sheriff. In rebuttal, some may say that Blazing Saddles is nothing but a dumb comedy and there is no other director that could actually get away with making a movie like this, other than Mel Brooks. Which is actually very good observation. At the time of this movie’s release, happened to be one of the first times that racism had taken a comedic approach. This was able to take place because of Mel Brooks’ ridiculous comedy. From the scene in which the old, dirty cowboys are sitting around a camp fire, eating beans, and letting farts rip like crazy, to another ridiculous scene of Bart tricking everyone in town that he was going to pull the trigger on himself after everyone had their gun pointed at him. The way Mel Brooks portrays racism as a hilarious comedy, made it seem to the audience that racism is such a ridiculous topic to get all bent out of shape about. When something as serious as racism, is put into a movie like this to show audiences just how dumb all the controversy is. Mel Brooks just so happened to be the one to put it out there for all to see. Mel Brooks’ film, Blazing Saddles, is a very suitable social commentary about racism. The way the camera shows most of the black actors’ reactions after racial slurs were said, the hatred between two races, intense racism, rare friendship, and overcoming racial boundaries is all shown in detail in this film. As I stated previously, some people say that this film is just a stupid comedy but if you actually watch the film and the people in it, it is solely about racism. I believe that if people were to watch this movie they could come to realize see their own actions toward people of other races and maybe, just maybe this hilarious movie could have an impact on how people in the world today interact toward others.

The mayor of casterbridge Essay Example

The mayor of casterbridge Paper The Mayor of Casterbridge-Thomas Hardy How The Mayor of Casterbridge reflects the social, historical and cultural influences of the period and place in which it is set and during which Hardy lived. The Mayor of Casterbridge was written in the second part of the nineteenth century by the novelist Thomas Hardy. He based it on Dorchester and how he remembered the town from his boyhood days during the 1840s. The story circles around a prosperous businessman, Michael Henchard, his shady past and his prosperous present. It shows the power of the corn trade in the early years and also the impact of a newfound belief in the period- Fate. In this essay I will be analysing the book and its contents to see how it reflects the social, historical and cultural influences of the era in which it is set. As a skilled architect, and having a great eye for detail, Hardy included large pieces of narrative about Casterbridge and the key buildings in his novel. His first, general description about the layout of Casterbridge came early on in the book: It was compact as a box of dominoes. It had no suburbs- in the ordinary sense. Country and town met at a mathematical line. From the centre of each side of this tree bound square ran avenues east, west and south into the wide expanse of corn-land and coomb to the distance of a mile or so. As Elizabeth Jane and Susan entered the town, Hardy added a bit of information about the houses on the main street: There were timber houses with overhanging stories, whose small-paned lattices were screened by dimity curtains on a drawing-string, and under whose barge-boards old cobwebs waved in the breeze. There were houses of brick-nogging We will write a custom essay sample on The mayor of casterbridge specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The mayor of casterbridge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The mayor of casterbridge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There were slate roofs patched with tiles, and tile roofs patched with slate, with occasionally a roof of thatch. Henchards house is also described, but with surprisingly little detail compared to accounts of other houses. It is described as dull red and grey brick, open front door and a very large garden. This building still exists today, even though it is now Barclays bank and there is no sign of a large garden at the back! Henchards yard is described as, flanked by hay barns with wooden granaries on stone-saddles including, a store house several floors high. Into which, if you looked, you could see, A closely packed throng of bursting wheat packs. In contrast, Lucettas house and its features are described in great detail, from the house itself: It was Palladian, and, like most architecture erected since the Gothic age, was a compilation rather than a design. It was rich but not rich enough. A timely consciousness of the ultimate vanity of human architecture. To the keystone of the door: Originally the mask had exhibited a comic leer, as could still be discerned; but generations of Casterbridge boys had thrown stones at the mask, aiming at the open mouth; and the blows thereon had chopped off the lips and jaws as if they had been eaten away by disease. The three mariners is described as: Built of mellow sandstone, with mullion windows of the same material, markedly out of perpendicular from the settlement of foundations. The bay window projecting into the street, whose interior was so popular among the frequenters of the inn, was closed with shutters. In a time where motorcars were practically non-existent, there were only a few limited and slow ways of getting to a destination. Sometimes they might have been seen on foot, sometimes on farmers wagons and sometimes in carriers vans. This was, of course, referring to Elizabeth Jane and Susans journey to find Henchard. The trip must have been rough, but they could afford no more. For those who were much wealthier however, they could afford to use such things as flys and gigs, which were horse drawn carriages. We see Elizabeth Jane using a fly to transport her belongings to High-Place Hall, something she would not have been able to do if she had not met Henchard; Farfrae had his own gig, which is mentioned several times throughout the novel and finally the carriage that was used on Henchards and Susans wedding day; a brougham. Susan Henchard entered a carriage for the first time in her life when she stepped into the plain brougham which drew up at the door on the wedding day. Because of this lack of transport, even distances that we think of as short, such as 35 miles, must have seemed enormous to the people of those days. Hardy does give us an example of this in The Mayor of Casterbridge; two lovers being split up when the male gets a job in another town. It ends up with the two acknowledging that they will probably never see each other again. Thirty-five mile! she murmured. Ah! tis enough! I shall never see ee again! The Mayor of Casterbridge reflects the customs of the time very accurately. It shows Elizabeth Jane waiting on tables in her hotel to earn the right to stay in one of the rooms with her mother. But we are told that in all but the most isolated tows this custom has almost died out. A curfew was still rung in the in the town, but not for the original reasons. Hardy tells us that now, at eight oclock it is rung for the shop owners to shut up shop and go home. We read that the town pump was a regular meeting place of the townspeople. Their own water sources, be they wells or streams were known to be less pure than the water from the town pump, so many people drank from there. The drinking of ale was a different matter altogether. In those days there was no imported beer, and there was very little selection, if any at all, so it was still the custom to brew ale in the pubs themselves. It was also known that people brewed their own beer at home and a favourite breakfast was freshly brewed ale and pigeon pie! But life in the town was not all drinking ale and going to the pub. Some of the bigger and more important customs of the time are reflected in the novel as well. Candlemass Fair was held on the 14th of February, and it was the main day of hiring of hands for the corn yards. Lady day was the day soon after (6th of April) when the current years contracts expired. If you hadnt managed to get your contract renewed or found a new job, this is the day that you were made officially unemployed. When we read about Henchard in the pub for the first time in 21 years, we see that the local choir and musicians from the church go into the three mariners every Sunday for a half pint of ale. When some one died, in this case, Mrs Henchard, there were a few customs that she wanted to be followed. She asked to be dressed in: My coffin clothes; a piece of flannel- thats to put under me, and the little piece is to put under my head; and my new stockings for my feet And theres four ounce pennies, the heaviest I could find, a-tied up in bits of linen, for weights-two for my right eye and two for my left. Bury the pennies, good souls, and dont ye go spending em, for I shouldnt like that. Finally, one of the customs written about in The Mayor of Casterbridge and which plays the biggest part in the whole story is the skimmity, or skimminton ride. Basically a skimmity ride is to name and shame a couple who had an affair or who were considered to have done something wrong. An effigy of each of the persons was placed onto a back of a horse and was paraded around for all to see. Even though this did happen in the story, in real life things of this sort were becoming less and less common. Of course in Hardys day there was no television, radio or computers and so their idea of entertainment is much different to ours. Even though there are only a few references to entertainment in the novel, it is surprising how much we have changed. Near the start of the story we hear Farfrae singing Its hame, and its hame, hame fain would I be, Oh hame, hame, hame to my ain countree! And it is made clear in the novel that this isnt a one off event. It was quite common to go down to the pub and sing or play music for entertainment; the better the voice the more attention that was paid to you. We also hear about a public hanging in Maumbury rings, an old roman Amphitheatre on the outskirts of Dorchester. Great crowds gathered to watch the spectacle and after the main event, articles of clothing, the rope and even strands of hair were put on sale for souvenirs, and were, by some people, believed to have magical healing powers. Like nowadays, people in the past have always enjoyed a good party with lots of dancing, fun and games, and this is shown by all of the preparations that Henchard made for his festivities; He advertised about the town, in long posters of a pink colour, that games of all sorts would take place here; and set to work a little battalion of men under his own eye. They erected greasy poles for climbing, with smoked hams and local cheese at the top hurdles in rows for jumping across the river they lay a slippery pole, with a live pig tied at the other end, to become the property of the man who could walk over there were also provided wheelbarrows for racing, donkeys for the same, a stage for boxing, wrestling, and drawing blood generally; sacks for jumping in. There are many references to costume in the story. The first is of Henchard as a young man of 21 whose profession and life was on the road, looking for work as a hay trusser: He wore a short jacket of brown corduroy, newer than the remainder of his suit, which was a fustian waistcoat white horn buttons, breeches of the same, tanned leggings a straw hat overlaid with black glazed canvas carried by a looped strap a rush basket, from which protruded at one end the crutch of a hay knife, a wimble for hay bonds, being also visible in the aperture. And as his character progresses through the story, his clothing changes to match his status in society. In the Kings Arms when he is first seen as the prosperous mayor of Casterbridge, his wealth was demonstrated clearly in his attire because He was dressed in an old fashioned evening suit, an expanse of frilled shirt showing, on his broad breast; jewelled studs, and a heavy gold chain. When he went to see Lucetta he dressed up in some of his finest clothes; He wore genteel cloth leggings with white buttons, polished boots with infinite lace holes, light cord breeches under a black velveteen coat and waistcoat; and he had a silver topped switch in his hand. But when he made the fatal mistake of predicting the weather, causing him to loose all of his belongings and money, he had to go from living in one of the biggest and cleanest houses in the town to living with Jopp in a small and less than hygienic cottage. He looked a far different journeyman from the one he had been in his earlier days. Then he had worn clean, suitable clothes, light and cheerful in hue; leggings yellow as marigolds, corduroys immaculate as new flax, and a neckerchief like a flower garden. Now he wore the remains of an old blue cloth suit of hid gentlemanly times, a rusty silk hat, and a once black satin stock, soiled and shabby. When we first see Elizabeth Jane she is dressed in modest clothes, dusty from her long journey to Casterbridge, but after she had met her father, and had the opportunity to see what money can buy, she started dressing in more elaborate clothes. We now see her in a black silk bonnet, velvet mantle or silk spencer, dark dress, and carrying a sunshade. In this latter article she drew the line at fringe, and had it plain edged, with a little ivory ring for keeping it closed. Henchard, instead of being cautious of spoiling Elizabeth Jane, eggs her on; Henchard gave Elizabeth Jane a box of delicately tinted gloves one spring day. She wanted to wear them to show her appreciation of his kindness, but she had not bonnet that would harmonise. As an artistic indulgence she thought she would have such a bonnet. When she had a bonnet that would go with the gloves she had no dress that would go with the bonnet. She had no sunshade to go with the dress.in for a penny in for a pound; she bought the sunshade, and the whole structure was at last complete. On her wedding day, Elizabeth Jane went for simplicity, showing how she had matured and had a chance to develop her style. She was in a dress of white silk or satin, he was not near enough to say which- snowy white, without a tinge of milk or cream. During the story there are few descriptions of the dress of the lower classes, but when the furmity seller was called into court for being drunk and disorderly we get a good account of the clothes worn. Attired in a shawl of that nameless tertiary hue which comes, but cannot be made- a hue neither tawny, russet, hazel, nor ash; a sticky black bonnet that seemed to have been warn in the country of the Psalmist where the clouds drop fatness; and an apron that had been white in times so comparatively recent as still to contrast visibly with the rest of her clothes. In Mixen lane there is also a special dress code of many of the women; (There was a) Frequency of white aprons over dingy gowns among the women around the doorways. A white apron is a suspicious vesture in situations where spotlessness is difficult. Hardys novel gives a good insight into the moral values of the time. Everything from the segregation of the classes to what was right and wrong in the eyes of the people of that time. When Elizabeth Jane and Susan enter the fair at the start of the story Susan makes her way over to talk to the furmity seller to see if she could get any information on the whereabouts of her husband, Mike. As she walks over, Elizabeth Jane tries to stop her saying, Dont speak to her- it isnt respectable! and after Susan returned to her daughter after paying the furmity seller for her refreshments, Elizabeth Jane reminds her mother again; It was hardly respectable for you to buy refreshments there. As they arrive in Casterbridge and look for lodgings, Elizabeth Jane comes across the Three Mariners, and even though it would have been too expensive to stay there if Elizabeth Jane had not been able to get a job, she insisted that she and her mother must stay there as, We must be respectable. As the plot progressed and Henchard met Susan at Maumbury Rings, he tells her that as an important businessman, Mayor and churchwarden, he would face disgrace if Elizabeth Jane found out about his past. Eventually Henchard told Susan that he would Meet you, court you and marry you and Susan agreed saying. I like the idea of repeating our marriage It seems the only right course. It appears that they thought that if they told of their past they would probably be ridiculed and snubbed by others, but they had to go through the whole process of courting again as it was counted as extremely suspicious if a man married, or even invited a woman into his house without going through the proper motions of meeting and courting first. Henchards affair with Lucetta, or Lucette as he knew her in Jersey would have posed certain ruin for him and Lucetta. Affairs in those days were total scandal and if people learnt about them, those involved would face a life of misery, being mocked by those around them. Nowadays a relationship that does not end in marriage is commonplace, but in those days it was very serious. Now you will, I am sure, perceive that the one condition that will make any future happiness possible for me is that the past connection between our lives be kept secret outside this isle. Even something relatively insignificant such as the Mayors daughter dancing with the farm manager (Farfrae) was a little out of the ordinary, it would have turned heads certainly. Peoples philosophies and their beliefs were certainly very different to what they are today. As I have said before, the era that The Mayor of Casterbridge was set in was a time of great change, and this was shown especially in the smaller towns of the country. New machines were introduced to make farming easier; the seed drill; Till then unknown, in its modern shape, in this part of the country, where the venerable seed-lip was still used for sowing. The new technology was for some, baffling; It might have been likened to an upright musical instrument with the front gone. That was how it struck Lucetta. Why, it is a sort of agricultural piano. When Farfrae started working for Henchard, he found in his books a mass of numerical fogs. Before his entry onto Henchards business, Henchard used to reckon his sacks by chalk strokes all in a row like garden-palings, measure his ricks by stretching with his arms, weigh his trusses by a lift, judge his hay by a chaw, and settle the price with a curse. But after Farfrae had spent a little time with Henchards company, he started measuring with weights and measuring rods, and recording all transactions on paper. This reflects what was happening all over the country at this time, farmers were abandoning all of their old ways to catch up with technology and produce better goods. We also see that even though newer technology was being developed, at the point of the visit of the royal personage- Prince Albert- we hear that the steam train had not yet reached Casterbridge, and travel by coach was the only way for the Prince to get to where he was going. Education was starting to affect both those who lived in the town and worked on the farm. Even though they still used sayings such as Im as clammy as a cockle snail. Such words as hag-rid and leery were replaced by indigestion and tired. You can see the impact of education on even the smallest of details in the story. At the start of the tale we read the sign outside of the furmity tent as Good Furmity Sold Hear. But when Susan returns to the fair about 18 years later the sign reads: Good Furmity Sold Here. And a definite improvement in spelling is shown. Peoples philosophies were changing as well. Even though education was beginning to make an impact, people in remote towns and villages still maintained some of their own beliefs and limited views. When Farfrae meets some locals in the bar, they comment on his homeland, Scotland, saying: Land of perpetual snow as we may say, where wolves and wild boars and other dangerous, animalcules be as common as blackbirds hereabout. Church and religion was still a major part of many peoples lives, but many of these people were starting to dabble in other beliefs as well. Henchard was the churchwarden, and he had also been religious enough to take a gospel oath 21 years before to give up alcohol, but when in trouble, he went to the weather prophet to try and sort out his problems. Witchcraft was not acceptable, but this did not deter people from trying to sort out their lives with it. Fate was becoming one of the major extra beliefs at the time. People were beginning to think that not everything was done by Gods will and that there may be some other omnipotent force controlling their lives as well. This force became known as Fate. This belief is reflected in Hardys writing very clearly, and he gives us many examples of Fate in the lives of the main characters. Just a few instances are the sale of rum in the furmity tent when Susan had taken Mike in there to avoid the ale and cider in the other tents; Susan returning to Mike just when he was about to marry Lucetta; Farfrae meeting Lucetta when he had gone to see Elizabeth Jane on Henchards permission; the effigy killing Lucetta when she had everything to live for and saving Henchard when he had nothing to loose; Newson turning up just as Henchard was getting closer to Izzy; finally Elizabeth Jane forgiving her father, but finding him half- an- hour after he had died. The whole plot relies on the belief of Fate. But even though all of these new beliefs were appearing, some of the older superstitions were being lost. New ideas were that nature was in fact, indifferent to man and his actions. To demonstrate this, sometimes Hardy wrote so that nature reflected the main characters feelings. We see this after Henchard has found out that Elizabeth Jane is not his own, and in a foul mood he goes for a walk next to the river. As he contemplates on the direction that his life is taking Hardy describes his surroundings, The whole way along here was sunlesswhite frosts lingered here. He also describes the river itself, The river- slow, noiseless and dark- the Schwartzwasser of Casterbridge. And adds that further down the river, The water roared down a back-hatch like the voice of desolation. But sometimes Hardy described the weather to be the exact opposite to what the character was feeling. Just after Henchard had left Elizabeth, and was very upset; The bright autumn sun shining in his eyes across the stubble awoke him the next morning early. In his tale Hardy includes a range of different historical notes that remind us of which era he was writing in, but he also included real events and incorporated real places into his story. In his original preface he tells us that three of the main topics in his story which were based on real events were the visit of a royal personage, the corn trade and the sale of a wife. The sale of the wife was, in my opinion, one of the most crucial points of the whole plot. If it hadnt happened, the whole life of Henchard as we know it would never have happened. Hardy got the idea from an edition of the Dorset County Chronicle between the dates of 1826-1830. The corn trade was also very important. In The Mayor of Casterbridge Hardy demonstrates the power of the corn trade by showing how it can give you all of the money you ever dreamt of, but also take it all away by having just one bad harvest. Henchard was at the peak of his life, he was Mayor, churchwarden and a successful businessman, but by the end of one bad year when he had gambled just a bit too much on the turnout of the weather, he had lost it all, his wealth, business and house. The corn trade continued to toy with farmers lives until the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. Up until then the Corn Laws had forbidden any importation of wheat or corn and so if it was a bad harvest there was a shortage of good bread. Because of this, before the Corn Laws had been repealed the corn trade ruled the lives of everyone involved. The Mayor of Casterbridge is a very accurate and detailed account of life in the 1840s. It is a valuable source of information about the era, and reflects the social, historical and cultural influences of the period in a descriptive, but entertaining and interesting way.